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Global waste trade
The global waste trade is the international trade of waste between countries for further treatment, disposal, or recycling. Toxic or hazardous wastes are often exported from developed countries to developing countries, also known as countries of the Global South. Therefore, the burden of the toxicity of wastes from Western countries falls predominantly onto developing countries in Africa, Asia, and Latin America.〔Laha, Somjita. Transboundary Toxic E-Waste Flow: Environmental Injustice through Neo-ecological Imperialism. Diss. Erasmus U Rotterdam, 2011. N.p.: International Institute of Social Studies, n.d. Web. 〕
The World Bank Report ''What a Waste: A Global Review of Solid Waste Management'', describes the amount of solid waste produced in a given country. Specifically, countries which produce more solid waste are more economically developed and more industrialized.〔"What a Waste: A Global Review of Solid Waste Management." World Bank: 8-13. Urban Development. Web. http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTURBANDEVELOPMENT/Resources/336387-1334852610766/Chap3.pdf〕 The report explains that "()enerally, the higher the economic development and rate of urbanization, the greater the amount of solid waste produced.”〔 Therefore, countries in the Global North, which are more economically developed and urbanized, produce more solid waste than Global South countries.〔
Current international trade flows of waste follow a pattern of waste being produced in the Global North and being exported to and disposed of in the Global South. Multiple factors affect which countries produce waste and at what magnitude, including geographic location, degree of industrialization, and level of integration into the global economy.
Numerous scholars and researchers have linked the sharp increase in waste trading and the negative impacts of waste trading to the prevalence of neoliberal economic policy.〔Nixon, Rob. Slow Violence and the Environmentalism of the Poor. Cambridge, MA: Harvard UP, 2011. 1. Print.〕〔Smith, Jackie. "Globalizing Resistance: The Battle of Seattle and the Future of Social Movements." Mobilization: An International Quarterly 6.1 (2001): 1-19. Web. 〕〔15 Harv. J. L. & Pub. Pol'y 373 (1992)Fallacies of Free Market Environmentalism, The ; Blumm, Michael C.〕 With the major economic transition towards neoliberal economic policy in the 1980s, the shift towards “free-market” policy has facilitated the sharp increase in the global waste trade. Henry Giroux, Chair of Cultural Studies at McMaster University, gives his definition of neoliberal economic policy: “Neoliberalism ...removes economics and markets from the discourse of social obligations and social costs. ...As a policy and political project, neoliberalism is wedded to the privatization of public services, selling off of state functions, deregulation of finance and labor, elimination of the welfare state and unions, liberalization of trade in goods and capital investment, and the marketization and commodification of society.”〔Polychroniou, CJ. "Neoliberalism and the Politics of Higher Education: An Interview With Henry A. Giroux." Truthout. N.p., 26 Mar. 2013. Web. 13 Apr. 2014. .〕 Given this economic platform of privatization, neoliberalism is based on expanding free-trade agreements and establishing open-borders to international trade markets. Trade liberalization, a neoliberal economic policy in which trade is completely deregulated, leaving no tariffs, quotas, or other restrictions on international trade, is designed to further developing countries’ economies and integrate them into the global economy. Critics claim that although free-market trade liberalization was designed to allow any country the opportunity to reach economic success, the consequences of these policies have been devastating for Global South countries, essentially crippling their economies in a servitude to the Global North.〔〔"Neoliberalism - Neoimperialism." EconomiX-CNRS (2005): 1-12. Web. .〕 Even supporters such as the International Monetary Fund, “progress of integration has been uneven in recent decades” 〔"Global Trade Liberalization and the Developing Countries - An IMF Issues Brief. International Monetary Fund. Nov. 2001. Web. 11 Apr. 2014. http://www.imf.org/external/np/exr/ib/2001/110801.htm#i〕
Specifically, developing countries have been targeted by trade liberalization policies to import waste as a means of economic expansion.〔Johnson, J. “Potential Gains from Trade in Dirty Industries: Revisiting Lawrence Summers’ Memo.” 398-402. Cato Institute.〕 The guiding neoliberal economic policy argues that the way to be integrated into the global economy is to participate in trade liberalization and exchange in international trade markets.〔 The claim is that smaller countries, with less infrastructure, less wealth, and less manufacturing ability, should take in hazardous wastes as a way to increase profits and stimulate their economies.〔
==Current debate over global waste trade==
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